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Recognized PSG's

TESTIFYING AGAINST GANG MEMBER OR OTHERWISE COOPERATING WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT

 Matter of H-L-S-A-, 28 I&N Dec. 228 (BIA 2021).

Summary of the Facts

Mr. H-L-S-A-, the applicant, a Salvadoran national, was removed from the United States pursuant to an in absentia removal order. Upon returning to El Salvador, he learned that a family member was murdered for failure to pay extortion to gang members and was warned that MS-13 was looking for him.  Ten years after his reentry, he was arrested. While in detention, he began to be extorted and threatened by his cellmate, an MS-13 gang member. The cellmate warned him that if he complained to guards, he would be placed in protective custody, marking him as a snitch. The gang member at one point revealed to the applicant that he had a weapon. The applicant informed authorities, was placed in protective custody, and then transferred to another facility.

Mr. H-L-S-A- was transferred back for his hearing, detainees called him a “rat” and threatened to kill him. He was then transferred back to the second facility, where he later met with federal prosecutors and agents to discuss his knowledge of gang activity and to identify suspected gang members from a photo line-up. As a result, the gang members were convicted of and sentenced for various crimes. Because Mr. H-L-S-A had a prior removal order, he was placed in withholding-only proceedings. He expressed a fear that the gang members in the United States would inform gang members in El Salvador of the applicant’s cooperation and that his life would be in danger if he returned.

Holding

Individuals who cooperate with law enforcement may constitute a valid particular social group under the Immigration and Nationality Act if their cooperation is public in nature, particularly where testimony was given in public court proceedings, and the evidence in the record reflects that the society in question recognizes and provides protection for such cooperation.

BIA Analysis

In its analysis in H-L-S-A-, the BIA stated that victims of, or witnesses to crime, without more, cannot satisfy the particularity or social distinction requirements. The BIA likewise found that confidential informants lack social distinction due to their anonymity and their similarity in position to anyone who is merely “perceived to be a threat” to a cartel’s interests.

The BIA narrowly reviewed circuit law regarding witness PSGs and ultimately found that to satisfy both the social distinction and particularity requirements of the PSG analysis under M-E-V-G-, an applicant must satisfy two criteria: (1) they must formally or publicly cooperate with prosecution against their persecutors in their country of origin; and (2) that country must recognize the members of the proposed PSG through legislation or other form of witness protection. The BIA distinguished between circumstances in which an individual testifies against his or her persecutors in court proceedings in a country that has enacted a special witness protection law and those where a person has filed a police report in a country where no law protects those who report criminal activity. In excluding the latter PSG, the BIA suggested that a lack of general community knowledge of an applicant making a police report is a significant factor against an immigration judge finding social distinction. The BIA stated that any retaliation.

 

Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc).
  • Summary: Rocio Brenda Henriquez-Rivas, a native of El Salvador, sought asylum after testifying against gang members who murdered her father. An Immigration Judge initially granted asylum, recognizing her as a member of a particular social group of individuals who testify against gang members. However, the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) reversed, finding the group lacked "social visibility." The Ninth Circuit, sitting en banc, vacated the BIA's decision.
  • Key Holding: The Ninth Circuit held that the BIA had misapplied its own precedent by not recognizing that witnesses who testify against gang members could be considered a particular social group with social visibility. The court clarified that "social visibility" refers to "perception" by society, not necessarily "on-sight" visibility, and that the perception of the persecutors may be particularly relevant. It noted that public testimony against gang members could make an individual socially visible as a member of such a group, especially in light of Salvadoran witness protection laws indicating societal recognition of such individuals' vulnerability. The court effectively opened the door for this group to be recognized.

 

Matter of C-A-, 23 I&N Dec. 951 (BIA 2006):
  • Holding: The BIA found that a group of "noncriminal informants" providing information about a drug cartel in Colombia did not constitute a valid particular social group.

 

  • Reasoning: The BIA distinguished between informants who remain anonymous and those whose actions "appear as witnesses or otherwise come to the attention of cartel members." They emphasized that mere anonymity or a general fear of retaliation for perceived interference with a criminal enterprise was not enough. The key missing element was "social visibility" (now "social distinction") – the group was not sufficiently recognized as distinct within Colombian society. This case highlighted the importance of the public nature of the cooperation.

Link: https://www.cliniclegal.org/resources/asylum-and-refugee-law/bia-rules-witnesses-eligibility-asylum-psg

BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

The Many Revisions of what a PSG is over the course of the past couple of decades: See Matter of C-A-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 951, 951 (BIA 2006); Matter of A-M-E- & JG-U-, 24 1. & N. Dec. 69, 69 (BIA 2007); Matter of S-E-G-, 24 1. & N. Dec. 597, 597 (BIA 2008); Matter of E-A-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 591, 591 (BIA 2008); Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 1. & N. Dec. 227, 227 (BIA 2014); Matter of W-G-R-, 26 1. & N. Dec. 208, 208 (BIA 2014), aff'd in relevant part sub nom. Garay-Reyes v. Lynch, 842 F.3d 1125 (9th Cir. 2016), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 736 (2018); Matter ofA-R-C-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 388, 388 (BIA 2014).

Matter of H-L-S-A-, 28 I&N Dec. 228 (BIA 2021)

Individuals who cooperate with law enforcement may constitute a valid particular social group under the Immigration and Nationality Act if their cooperation is public in nature, particularly where testimony was given in public court proceedings, and the evidence in the record reflects that the society in question recognizes and provides protection for such cooperation.

SECOND CIRCUIT

Resistance to Female Subordination to Male Dominance in El Salvador

Hernandez Chacon v. Barr, No. (2d Cir. Jan. 23, 2020): “resistance to the norm of female subordination to male dominance that pervades El Salvador.”
• “There is ample evidence in the record to support her claim: Gangs control much of El Salvador, including the neighborhood in which Hernandez-Chacon lived. The law enforcement systems that would normally protect women -- police, prosecutors, judges, officials -- do not have the resources or desire to address the brutal treatment of women, and the Salvadoran justice system “favors aggressors and assassins” and “punish[es] victims of gender violence.

OTHER CIRCUITS

Women of Country X

Miguelina De Pena-Paniagua v. Barr, (1st Cir. 2020)
It is not clear why a larger group defined as "women," or "women in country X" -- without reference to additional limiting terms -- fails either the "particularity" or "social distinction" requirement. Certainly, it is difficult to think of a country in which women are not viewed as "distinct" from other members of society…. It is equally difficult to think of a country in which women do not form a "particular" and "well-defined" group of persons.”
It is unsurprising, then, that if race, religion, and nationality typically refer to large classes of persons, particular social groups -- which are equally based on innate characteristics -- may sometimes do so as well. See Perdomo v. Holder.

Female Victims of Domestic Violence

• Garcia v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 665 F.3d 496 (3d Cir. 2011) (PSG: individuals who testify against gang members)v • Valdiviezo-Galdamez v. Holder, 663 F.3d 582 (3d Cir. 2011) (PSG: young men who have been actively recruited by gangs and who have refused to join the gangs” is a “particular social group) • Crespin-Valladares v. Holder, 632 F.3d 117 (4th Cir. 2011) (PSG: family members of those who actively oppose gangs in El Salvador by agreeing to be prosecutorial witnesses) • Martinez v. Holder, 740 F.3d 902 (4th Cir. 2014) (PSG: former gang members) • Perdomo v. Holder, 611 F.3d 662 (9th Cir. 2010) (PSG: Guatemalan women) • Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2013) (PSG: people who testify against gang members) • Cordoba v. Holder, 726 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir. 2013) (PSG: landowners in X country) • Niang v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 1187 (10th Cir. 2005) (PSG: females within a particular tribe)
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